55% of studies included in this systematic review model herd immunity using a static model. These studies cannot be considered a reliable predictor of economic evaluations of vaccines.

PMID:  Vaccine. 2017 12 14 ;35(49 Pt B):6828-6841. Epub 2017 Nov 13. PMID: 29146380 Abstract Title:  Inclusion of the value of herd immunity in economic evaluations of vaccines. A systematic review of methods used. Abstract:  OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this review were to identify vaccine economic evaluations that include herd immunity and describe the methodological …

Alum-adjuvanted vaccines induce a systemic inflammatory response.

PMID:  Vaccine. 2016 11 11 ;34(47):5815-5818. Epub 2016 Oct 13. PMID: 27745952 Abstract Title:  An inflammatory response is essential for the development of adaptive immunity-immunogenicity and immunotoxicity. Abstract:  The humoral and cellular immune responses of adaptive immunity are induced following immunization with effective vaccines. They induce functional cytokines and chemokines through the binding of vaccine …

Some individuals have strong responses to vaccines while some have none at all. Researchers still don’t understand what constitutes at high or non-responder.

PMID:  NPJ Vaccines. 2016 ;1:16009. Epub 2016 Jul 28. PMID: 29263852 Abstract Title:  Vaccinology in the twenty-first century. Abstract:  [n/a] read more

Booster doses of meningococcal and tetanus vaccines do not have any effect of antibody persistence.

PMID:  Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2016 06 ;35(6):662-72. PMID: 26928521 Abstract Title:  Five-year Antibody Persistence and Booster Response After 1 or 2 Doses of Meningococcal A, C, W and Y Tetanus Toxoid Conjugate Vaccine in Healthy Children. Abstract:  BACKGROUND: We evaluated antibody persistence up to 5 years postvaccination with a quadrivalent meningococcal serogroups A, C, …

Herd immunity may theoretically reduce the incidence of infection, but those who do get sick are at risk of a much more severe illness than in previous generations.

PMID:  Lancet Infect Dis. 2015 Aug ;15(8):868-9. Epub 2015 May 14. PMID: 25981884 Abstract Title:  Herd immunity and the herd severity effect. Abstract:  [n/a] read more

There is a portion of the vaccinated adult population that may not have seroprotective antibody protection to infection.

PMID:  Vaccine. 2014 Sep 29 ;32(43):5624-31. Epub 2014 Aug 17. PMID: 25140930 Abstract Title:  Humoral responses to independent vaccinations are correlated in healthy boosted adults. Abstract:  BACKGROUND: Roughly half of U.S. adults do not receive recommended booster vaccinations, but protective antibody levels are rarely measured in adults. Demographic factors, vaccination history, and responses to other …

Genetics can have a significant influence on antibody responses to vaccines.

PMID:  Front Immunol. 2015 ;6:18. Epub 2015 Feb 2. PMID: 25699041 Abstract Title:  The genetic regulation of infant immune responses to vaccination. Abstract:  A number of factors are recognized to influence immune responses to vaccinations including age, gender, the dose, and quality of the antigen used, the number of doses given, the route of administration, …

Almost all vaccines require booster vaccination to achieve durable protective humoral immune responses.

PMID:  Vaccine. 2014 May 23 ;32(25):2948-57. Epub 2014 Apr 5. PMID: 24709587 Abstract Title:  How advances in immunology provide insight into improving vaccine efficacy. Abstract:  Vaccines represent one of the most compelling examples of how biomedical research has improved society by saving lives and dramatically reducing the burden of infectious disease. Despite the importance of …

European and Hispanic individuals have a much lower antibody response to rubella vaccination.

PMID:  Vaccine. 2014 Apr 7 ;32(17):1946-53. Epub 2014 Feb 13. PMID: 24530932 Abstract Title:  Associations between race, sex and immune response variations to rubella vaccination in two independent cohorts. Abstract:  INTRODUCTION: Immune response variations after vaccination are influenced by host genetic factors and demographic variables, such as race, ethnicity and sex. The latter have not …

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