PMID: 

J Cell Physiol. 2019 06 ;234(6):8008-8018. Epub 2018 Oct 14. PMID: 30317594

Abstract Title: 

Probiotics importance and their immunomodulatory properties.

Abstract: 

Mammalian intestine contains a large diversity of commensal microbiota, which is far more than the number of host cells. Probiotics play an insecure and protective role against the colonization of intestinal pathogenic microbes and increase mucosal integrity by stimulating epithelial cells. Probiotics have innate capabilities in many ways, including receptor antagonism, receptor expression, binding and expression of adapter proteins, expression of negative regulatory signal molecules, induction of microRNAs, endotoxin tolerance, and ultimately secretion of immunomodulatory proteins, lipids, and metabolites to modulate the immune system. Probiotic bacteria can affect homeostasis, inflammation, and immunopathology through direct or indirect effects on signaling pathways as immunosuppressant or activators. Probiotics suppress inflammation by inhibiting various signaling pathways such as the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κβ) pathway, possibly related to alterations in mitogen-activated protein kinases and pattern recognition receptors pathways. Probiotics can also inhibit the binding of lipopolysaccharides to the CD14 receptor, thereby reducing the overall activation of NF-κβ and producing proinflammatory cytokines. Some effects of modulation by probiotics include cytokine production by epithelial cells, increased mucin secretion, increased activity of phagocytosis, and activation of T and natural killer T cells, stimulation of immunoglobulin A production and decreased T cell proliferation. Intestinal microbiota has a major impact on the systemic immune system. Specific microbiota controls the differentiation of cells in lamina propria, in which Th17 cells secrete interleukin 17. The presence of Th17 and Treg cells in the small intestine is associated with intestinal microbiota, with the preferential Treg differentiation and the absence of Th17 cells, possibly reflecting alterations in the lamina propria cytokines and the intestinal gut microbiota.

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PMID: 

Front Immunol. 2019 ;10:2348. Epub 2019 Oct 1. PMID: 31632412

Abstract Title: 

Bifidobacterial Dialogue With Its Human Host and Consequent Modulation of the Immune System.

Abstract: 

Since bifidobacteria are among the pioneering colonizers of the human infant gut, their interaction with their host is believed to start soon following birth. Several members of thegenus are purported to exert various health-promoting effects at local and systemic levels, e.g., limiting pathogen colonization/invasion, influencing gut homeostasis, and influencing the immune system through changes in innate and/or adaptive immune responses. This has promoted extensive research efforts to shed light on the precise mechanisms by which bifidobacteria are able to stimulate and interact with the host immune system. These studies uncovered a variety of secreted or surface-associated molecules that act as essential mediators for the establishment of a bifidobacteria-host immune system dialogue, and that allow interactions with mucosa-associated immune cells. Additionally, the by-products generated from bifidobacterial carbohydrate metabolism act as vectors that directly and indirectly trigger the host immune response, the latter by stimulating growth of other commensal microorganisms such as propionate- or butyrate-producing bacteria. This review is aimed to provide a comprehensive overview on the wide variety of strategies employed by bifidobacteria to engage with the host immune system.

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PMID: 

Eur J Nutr. 2019 Jul 24. Epub 2019 Jul 24. PMID: 31342226

Abstract Title: 

Probiotics modulate the gut microbiota composition and immune responses in patients with atopic dermatitis: a pilot study.

Abstract: 

PURPOSE: Many studies have investigated the association between intestinal barrier impairment and the onset of atopic dermatitis (AD). The gut microbiota is essential to maintain physiological homeostasis and immune regulation of host. Therefore, the objectives were to determine the effects of probiotics on the clinical symptoms, immune responses, and gut microbiota in AD patients.METHODS: 109 patients were randomly divided into 4 groups, including placebo group, oligosaccharides group, Bifidobacterium bifidum CCFM16 group, and Lactobacillus plantarum CCFM8610 group. At the end of the experiment, serological indicators, SCORAD, and DLQI indices were assessed. V3-V4 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene was sequenced to evaluate changes in the gut microbiota. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size was used to uncover microbial biomarkers and PICRUSt (Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States) was used to predict gene family abundances based on 16S information.RESULTS: The results demonstrated that CCFM8610 significantly decreased the SCORAD index, and increased the serum IL-10 levels. Supplement with CCFM8610 and CCFM16 significantly influenced the alpha diversity, increased the proportion of Bacteroidetes, and reduced the F/B ratio. CCFM8610 treatment downregulated the functional genes of gut microbiota involving Staphylococcus aureus infection and upregulated the steroid hormone biosynthesis.CONCLUSION: The results indicated a positive correlation between decreased SCORAD index and CCFM8610 treatment, and that CCFM8610 regulated the immune responses in AD patients. CCFM8610 treatment influences the gut microbiota composition and functional changes. In conclusion, L. plantarum CCFM8610 exerts the strain-specific amelioration effects on patients with AD.TRIAL REGISTRATION: ChiCTR1800015330 (Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier).

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PMID: 

Cells. 2019 08 11 ;8(8). Epub 2019 Aug 11. PMID: 31405262

Abstract Title: 

Oligosaccharides Modulate Rotavirus-Associated Dysbiosis and TLR Gene Expression in Neonatal Rats.

Abstract: 

Colonization of the gut in early life can be altered through multiple environmental factors. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), a mixture of short-chain galactooligosaccharides/long-chain fructooligosaccharides (scGOS/lcFOS) 9:1 and their combination (scGOS/lcFOS/2'-FL) on dysbiosis induced during rotavirus (RV) diarrhea in neonatal rats, elucidating crosstalk between bacteria and the immune system. The dietary interventions were administered daily by oral gavage at days 2-8 of life in neonatal Lewis rats. On day 5, RV SA11 was intragastrically delivered to induce infection and diarrhea assessment, microbiota composition, and gene expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the small intestine were studied. All dietary interventions showed reduction in clinical variables of RV-induced diarrhea. RV infection increased TLR2 expression, whereas 2'-FL boosted TLR5 and TLR7 expressions and scGOS/lcFOS increased that of TLR9. RV-infected rats displayed an intestinal dysbiosis that was effectively prevented by the dietary interventions, and consequently, their microbiota was more similar to microbiota of the noninfected groups. The preventive effect of 2'-FL, scGOS/lcFOS, and their combination on dysbiosis associated to RV diarrhea in rats could be due to changes in the crosstalk between gut microbiota and the innate immune system.

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PMID: 

Front Immunol. 2019 ;10:1774. Epub 2019 Jul 29. PMID: 31417554

Abstract Title: 

Dietary Oligosaccharides Attenuate Stress-Induced Disruptions in Immune Reactivity and Microbial B-Vitamin Metabolism.

Abstract: 

Exposure to stressful stimuli dysregulates inflammatory processes and alters the gut microbiota. Prebiotics, including long-chain fermentable fibers and milk oligosaccharides, have the potential to limit inflammation through modulation of the gut microbiota. To determine whether prebiotics attenuate stress-induced inflammation and microbiota perturbations, mice were fed either a control diet or a diet supplemented with galactooligosaccharides, polydextrose and sialyllactose (GOS+PDX+SL) or sialyllactose (SL) for 2 weeks prior to and during a 6-day exposure to a social disruption stressor. Spleens were collected for immunoreactivity assays. Colon contents were examined for stressor- and diet- induced changes in the gut microbiome and metabolome through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, shotgun metagenomic sequencing and UPLC-MS/MS.Stress increased circulating IL-6 and enhanced splenocyte immunoreactivity to anLPS challenge. Diets containing GOS+PDX+SL or SL alone attenuated these responses. Stress exposure resulted in large changes to the gut metabolome, including robust shifts in amino acids, peptides, nucleotides/nucleosides, tryptophan metabolites, and B vitamins. Multiple B vitamins were inversely associated with IL-6 and were augmented in mice fed either GOS+PDX+SL or SL diets. Stressed mice exhibited distinct microbial communities with lower abundances ofspp. and higher abundances ofspp. Diet supplementation with GOS+PDX+SL, but not SL alone, orthogonally altered the microbiome and enhanced the growth ofspp. Metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from mice fed the GOS+PDX+SL diet unveiled genes in aMAG forB vitamin synthesis. B vitamers directly attenuated the stressor-induced exacerbation of cytokine production in LPS-stimulated splenocytes.Overall, these data indicate that colonic metabolites, including B vitamins, are responsive to psychosocial stress. Dietary prebiotics reestablish colonic B vitamins and limit stress-induced inflammation.

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PMID: 

J Infect Dis. 2020 Mar 2 ;221(6):943-947. PMID: 31641758

Abstract Title: 

Evaluation of Immune Responses to Group B Streptococcus Type III Oligosaccharides Containing a Minimal Protective Epitope.

Abstract: 

Recent structural studies demonstrated that the epitope recognized by a monoclonal antibody representative of the protective response against the type III group B Streptococcus polysaccharide was comprised within 2 of the repeating units that constitute the full-length native structure. In the current study, we took advantage of this discovery to design a novel vaccine based on multivalent presentation of the identified minimal epitope on a carrier protein. We show that highly glycosylated short oligosaccharide conjugates elicit functional immune responses comparable to those of the full-length native polysaccharide. The obtained results pave the way to the design of well-defined glycoconjugate vaccines based on short synthetic oligosaccharides.

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PMID: 

Saudi J Biol Sci. 2020 Jan ;27(1):233-241. Epub 2019 Aug 27. PMID: 31889842

Abstract Title: 

Impacts of functional oligosaccharide on intestinal immune modulation in immunosuppressive mice.

Abstract: 

In order to research the role of soybean oligosaccharides (SBOSs) on improvements in the microenvironment of intestinal flora and immune function of cyclophosphamide (CTX) immunosuppressive mice. Via giving intragastric administration of Soybean oligosaccharide (SBOS) at the low dose (50/(kg·BW)/d), the middle dose (200 mg/(kg·BW)/d) and the high dose (500 mg/(kg·BW)/d) partly once a day, which is also 28 days in a row. At the same time, (SBOS) mice in the drug group and (CG) mice in the positive control group were given intraabdominal injection of CTX (200 mg/kg/d).The immunosuppressive mouse model (CY) was established after 72 h in the model group and the positive control group (CG) was given intragastric administration of levamisole hydrochloric acid (LMS) for 3 days, with the data of 80ug/kg/d after injection of CTX (for actually 72 h). On the 8th, 15th and 22nd day, the number of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus and Clostridium perfringens m in the feces of mice in each dose of drug group were determined. After the test resulted, the cellular immune function, humoral immune function, monocyte/macrophage function, NK cell activity and cytokine secretion (tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-gamma and IL-4) were measured in immunosuppressive mice each group. The results showed that 200 mg/(kg BW) soybean oligosaccharide could significantly promote the proliferation and inhibit the increase of Enterococcus in immunosuppressive mice. The soybean oligosaccharide of 500 mg/(kg BW) could dramatically promote the proliferation of both Bifidobacillus and Lactobacillus, and also inhibit the increase of both Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcus in immunosuppressive mice. The regulatory function of SBOS on intestinal flora was positive.Soybean oligosaccharide (500 mg/(kg BW) could significantly promote the proliferation of Bifidobacillus and Lactobacillus in immunosuppressive mice and inhibit the increase of Enterococcus and Enterococcus. The proliferation of spleen lymphocytes induced by ConA, LPS in immunosuppressive mice wasdose-dependent. But it was still lower than that of the normal group (CG0) (p > 0.05). The serum hemolysin level of immunosuppressive mice was significantly increased in each dose group (p 

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PMID: 

Food Funct. 2020 Mar 30. Epub 2020 Mar 30. PMID: 32227014

Abstract Title: 

Immune-enhancement effects of oligosaccharides from Codonopsis pilosula on cyclophosphamide induced immunosuppression in mice.

Abstract: 

As an important edible traditional Chinese medicine, Codonopsis pilosula has good immunomodulation effects. This study focuses on C. pilosula oligosaccharides (CPO), which are the sweetness components of C. pilosula. CPO were obtained through systematic separation and purification (the yield is 14.3%), and the effect of CPO on the immunological activities of immunocompromised mice induced by cyclophosphamide (CTX) was evaluated. The results showed that CPO could increase immune organ indices, phagocytic index and immunoglobulin contents, stimulate the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes (coordinating with ConA and LPS), enhance the earlap swelling of the DTH reaction, promote the production of NO and cytokines (IL-2 and IFN-γ) and upregulate the expression of the corresponding mRNA. In addition, CPO upregulated the protein expression of phosphorylated p38, phosphorylated ERK1/2 and phosphorylated JNK, which indicated that CPO might exert immunomodulatory effects through the MAPK signaling pathway. These findings indicated that CPO are important immunomodulatory components in C. pilosula and could be developed as immunomodulators in medicine or functional food areas.

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PMID: 

Nutr Rev. 2002 Oct ;60(10 Pt 1):326-34. PMID: 12392149

Abstract Title: 

Immune-stimulating and gut health-promoting properties of short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides.

Abstract: 

Short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides are a group of linear fructose oligomers with a degree of polymerization ranging from one up to five (oligosaccharides). Recent observations in animal models demonstrate that prebiotics and probiotics may exert beneficial effects on gut health by enhancing gut-associated lymphoid tissue responses either directly or indirectly through the production of short-chain fatty acids and the enhanced growth of lactic bacteria such as bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. Demonstration of the potential health benefits of short-chain fructooligosaccharides on colon cancer risk is an active field of research in animal and human nutrition.

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