PMID: 

Environ Res. 2019 Jul 3 ;176:108575. Epub 2019 Jul 3. PMID: 31299621

Abstract Title: 

The adverse health effects of bisphenol A and related toxicity mechanisms.

Abstract: 

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an industrial component commonly used in synthesis of polycarbonate plastics, epoxy resin and other polymer materials. Due to its mass productions and widespread applications, the presence of BPA is ubiquitous in the environment. BPA can enter the body via different ways such as digestive tract, respiratory tract and dermal tract. As an endocrine disruptor, BPA has estrogen-like and anti-androgen effects causing damages to different tissues and organs, including reproductive system, immune system and neuroendocrine system, etc. Recently, it has been shown that BPA could induce carcinogenesis and mutagenesis in animal models. Here, the underlying mechanisms of BPA-induced multi-organ toxicity were well summarized, involving the receptor pathways, disruption of neuroendocrine system, inhibition of enzymes, modulation of immune and inflammatory responses, as well as genotoxic and epigenetic mechanisms. The aim of this review is to compile the available current research data regarding BPA and provide an overview of the current status of BPA exposure and relevant health effects covering reproductive, developmental, metabolic, immuno, respiratory, hepatic and renal toxicity and carcinogenesis of BPA. This review provides comprehensive data of BPA toxicity on human health and related mechanisms. We also identify any missing data which should be addressed by further studies.

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PMID: 

Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Jul 15 ;16(14). Epub 2019 Jul 15. PMID: 31311074

Abstract Title: 

The Association between Bisphenol A Exposure and Obesity in Children-A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.

Abstract: 

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an environmental chemical that has adverse effects on health, probably causing childhood obesity. However, this association remains controversial, and it is difficult to find evidence for direct causality between environmental exposure and disease using epidemiological studies. In this study, we sought to elucidate the possible causality between BPA exposure and childhood obesity by conducting two meta-analyses showing bidirectional associations, including exposure effect by obesity and obesity risk by exposure. Articles published up to September 2017 were searched in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library. We evaluated observational studies that included measurements of urinary BPA concentration and BMI or body weight. Of 436 articles, a total of 13 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Two meta-analyses were performed to investigate the association between BPA exposure and childhood obesity. The results showed that the relatively high-exposed group had a significantly higher risk of childhood obesity than the relatively low-exposed group (odds ratio = 1.566, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.097 to 2.234,= 0.014). However, the obese group showed no significant difference in the BPA concentration when compared to the normal group (standardized mean difference = 0.166, 95% CI: -0.121 to 0.453,= 0.257). This study suggested possible causality between BPA exposure and childhood obesity using data from epidemiological studies and showed that BPA exposure itself increased the risk of obesity in children.

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These two…Kengo is resting on Juno. Already fast friends! #rhodesianridgeback @ Cortes Island https://www.instagram.com/p/B0H-hfzp4V3/?igshid=yyt0pqh9guf2 …

PMID: 

Chemosphere. 2019 Jul 1 ;236:124264. Epub 2019 Jul 1. PMID: 31319301

Abstract Title: 

Dichotomy of bisphenol A-induced expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in hepatic and testicular tissues in mice.

Abstract: 

Environmental and dietary exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) and its toxicological consequences are extensively reported. BPA has multiple cellular targets. One of the mechanisms of action of BPA involves interaction with and activation of nuclear receptors (NRs) including peroxisome proliferator activated-receptors (PPARs). PPARs regulate genes involved in adipogenesis, and metabolism of glucose, lipid and cholesterol. Study of tissue and dose specific PPAR expression may decipher the toxicity outcome of BPA exposure. We studied expression of three forms of PPARs in mouse liver and testes exposed to BPA for 14 days. mRNA and protein expression of all forms of PPAR increased linearly (monotonic) with the dose in the liver while non-monotonic but dose specific effects were observed in the testes showing a differential pattern of expression. However, histopathological study showed a dose-dependent pattern of changes in liver as well as testes demonstrating a monotonic effect. These findings imply that other PPAR-independent mechanisms may play a role in BPA-induced pathological changes. The present study warrants exploration of the role of PPARs in BPA-induced effects on male reproductive functions and offers an insight into the peculiar response of BPA at low subchronic levels which may be helpful in designing appropriate risk assessment framework.

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PMID: 

Saudi J Biol Sci. 2019 May ;26(4):647-652. Epub 2018 Feb 6. PMID: 31048987

Abstract Title: 

Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antihepatotoxic effects ofagainst d-galactosamine induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

Abstract: 

has been advocated as safe food for human use by several investigators. In this study its beneficial dietary effect against liver injuries caused by d-galactosamine (d-GalN) was studied ensuring safety to human health using animal model. Acute hepatotoxicity was induced in Wister rats with d-GalN followed by treatment with butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and with Spirulina aqueous extract at various concentrations. The effect of Spirulina at different concentrations were tried and compared with BHT treatment. The animals treated with d-GalN on subsequent treatment by supplementation with Spirulina (6, 9%) in the diets, led to significant reversal in the levels of the antioxidant enzymes through hepatocytes by suppression of negative effect. Spirulina aqueous extract at 9% resulted in a significant decrease in the levels of alkaline phosphatase and infalmatory markers TNFα, IL6 and IL1β and also decreased TBARS, while it showed an increase in oxidative stress marker such as GR, GSH, GST, SOD, GPX and CAT and total protein when compared to the levels recorded with that group treated with d-GalN. Results also indicated that Spirulina aqueous extract at 9% concentration was equally effective in protecting liver damage as it was observed with BHT. Histological studies on liver treated with d-GalN, BHT and Spirulina aqueous extract showed thatis effective as diet in providing beneficial protective effect. The results obtained in the present study very clearly indicated the positive beneficial protective effect of Spirulina, when used as diet, on the safety and protection of liver from injuries caused by toxicants.

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PMID: 

Zhongguo Ying Yong Sheng Li Xue Za Zhi. 2018 Jun 8 ;34(6):562-567. PMID: 31032593

Abstract Title: 

[Protective effects of spirulina on hippocampal injury in exercise-fatigue mice and its mechanism].

Abstract: 

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the roles of BDNF/TrkB neurotrophic signaling in hippocampal injury for fatigue rats induced by incremental load exercise and the protective effects and mechanism of spirulina supplement.METHODS: Sixty SD rats were randomly divided into normal control group (NC), normal plus spirulina group(NS), exercise model group (EM), exercise plus spirulina group (ES), and positive control group (PC), 12 rats in each group.Group EM, Group ES and Group PC were applied by treadmill running with high-intensity increasing for three weeks, and Group NC had not any intervention measures.Group ES and Group NS were treated with spirulina at a dose of 300 mg/kg.bw.by intragastric administration.Group PC was gavaged at the same volume of ginseng extract of 1.92 g/kg for three weeks.The expressions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tyrosine kinase recptor (TrkB), phospho-tyrosine kinase recptor (p-TrkB) were tested by Western blot and immunohistochemical method, and micromorphology changes of hippocampal CA1 were observed by light microscope at the end of the experiment.The general situations of rats such as body weights were recorded during the experiment.RESULTS: Compared with Group NC, Group EM showed significantly decrease in body weight and hippocampal CA1 neurons of the group loosely arrayed and disarrayed and some neurons were shrinked, and even some neurons disappeared.The expressions of BDNF, TrkB and p-TrkB in group EM were increased significantly(

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PMID: 

Mar Drugs. 2019 May 7 ;17(5). Epub 2019 May 7. PMID: 31067674

Abstract Title: 

Hypolipidemic Effect of()Supplementation and a Systematic Physical Exercise Program in Overweight and Obese Men: A Double-Blind, Randomized, and Crossover Controlled Trial.

Abstract: 

Low-fat diets, lipid-modifying nutraceuticals and a higher level of physical activity are often recommended to reduce dyslipidemia. A double-blind, randomized, crossover, controlled trial was designed to evaluate the independent and synergistic effects of()supplementation (4.5 g·day) with or without performing a physical exercise program (: aerobic exercise (3 days·week) + high-intensity interval training (2 days·week)) on blood lipids and BMI of 52 sedentary men with excess body weight. During six weeks, all participants were assigned to four intervention treatments (with PEP (SE), placebo with PEP (Ex),without PEP (Sm), placebo without PEP (C; control)) and plasma lipids were evaluated spectrophotometrically pre- vs. post intervention in stratified subgroups (overweight, obese and dyslipidemic subjects). Pre/post comparisons showed significant reductions in all plasma lipids in the SE group, particularly in those with dyslipidemia (≤ 0.043). Comparing the final vs. the initial values, BMI, total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were decreased. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased in all treatment groups compared to C. Changes were observed mostly in SE interventions, particularly in dyslipidemic subjects (

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PMID: 

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2019 Jul ;26(20):20610-20618. Epub 2019 May 18. PMID: 31104244

Abstract Title: 

Ameliorative effect of Spirulina platensis against lead nitrate-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in catfish Clarias gariepinus.

Abstract: 

The present study was designed to investigate the protective role of dietary supplementation of Spirulina platensis (SP) against cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of lead nitrate in Clarias gariepinus. Four groups of fishes were used: first group as control which fed on basal diet, second group fed on basal diet and exposed to (1 mg/L of lead nitrate), third group fed on diet containing 0.25% SP and exposed to (1 mg/L of lead nitrate), and fourth group fed on diet containing 0.5%SP and exposed to (1 mg/L of lead nitrate). Fish samples were taken at 2nd and 4th week of exposure. The hematological indices of lead nitrate-exposed group were decreased significantly compared to the control group at 2nd and 4th week of exposure. Lead nitrate caused a significant increase in the percentage of poikilocytosis, micronuclei, and apoptotic cells as well as comet tail length and olive tail moment compared with the control groupat 2nd and 4th week of exposure. The highest level of damage was found on 4th week of exposure with all parameters. Dietary inclusion of SP ameliorated these cytotoxic and genetic changes, as well as this amelioration was concentration and time dependent. Consequently, the present study proposed that the addition of SP to the fish diet can be used as a promising protective agent to oppose cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of lead nitrate in aquaculture. Graphical abstract.

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PMID: 

J Infect Public Health. 2019 May 21. Epub 2019 May 21. PMID: 31126833

Abstract Title: 

Spirulina consumption effectively reduces anti-inflammatory and pain related infectious diseases.

Abstract: 

BACKGROUND: Inflammation and pain triggers several pathological illnesses. Synthetic drugs used for the controlling of inflammatory conditions convey significant toxic effects. Global scientific community continually attempt to improve effective, economic and harmless naturally derived remedies against inflammation and pain. The present study aimed to quantify the phytochemical constituents of the freshly cultivated Spirulina and targeted to examining the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of Spirulina extract (SE) derived from Arthrospira platensis.METHODS: The anti-inflammatory effect of SE was evaluated in animal models including carrageenan-induced rat hind paw oedema, and cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation. Analgesic effects of SE were evaluated by acetic acid induced writhing response and hot plate test.RESULTS: Phytochemical quantification guided to identify seven carbohydrates, thirteen amino acids, eleven fatty acids and polyphenolic compounds respectively. The results indicated that SE significantly attenuated carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema, and cotton pellet-induced granuloma. Preliminary molecular mechanistic studies established that SE decreased the productions of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, PGE2 and NO, and suppressed the activities of COX-2 and iNOS.CONCLUSION: These results provide a strong scientific foundation for the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of SE against different studies in animal models.

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PMID: 

PLoS One. 2019 ;14(6):e0218543. Epub 2019 Jun 20. PMID: 31220177

Abstract Title: 

Anti-obesity effects of Spirulina platensis protein hydrolysate by modulating brain-liver axis in high-fat diet fed mice.

Abstract: 

Spirulina platensis is a blue-green algae with potential anti-obesity effects. In this study, the anti-obesity effects of whole Spirulina platensis (WSP), Spirulina platensis protein (SPP) and Spirulina platensis protein hydrolysate (SPPH) were compared in high-fat diet fed mice, and the potential acting mechanism of SPPH was also investigated. Totally, SPPH exhibited good anti-obesity effects (reducing 39.8%±9.7% of body weight), lowering 23.8%±1.6% of serum glucose, decreasing 20.8%±1.4% of total cholesterol, while positive drug Simvastatin had the corresponding values: 8.3%±4.6%, 24.8%±1.9% and -2.1%±0.2%, respectively. Subsequently, PCR array was used to conduct gene expression analysis in brain and liver tissues of SPPH-treated mice, which displayed distinctly different expression pattern. The most markedly changed genes included: Acadm (-34.7 fold), Gcg (2.5 fold), Adra2b (2 fold) and Ghsr (2 fold) in brain; Retn (39 fold), Fabp4 (15.5 fold), Ppard (6 fold) and Slc27a1 (5.4 fold) in liver. Further network analysis demonstrated that the significantly expressed genes in brain and liver tissues were mapped into an interacting network, suggesting a modulatory effect on brain-liver axis, major pathways were involved in the axis: PPAR, adipocytokine, AMPK, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and MAPK. This study showed that Spirulina platensis protein hydrolysate possessed anti-obesity effect in mice.

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