PMID: 

J Family Med Prim Care. 2019 Apr ;8(4):1486-1487. PMID: 31143745

Abstract Title: 

Proton pump inhibitors induce hemolytic anemia.

Abstract: 

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are generally safe, and their short-term use commonly does not induce hemolytic anemia. The underlying mechanisms are unknown, and the literature insufficiently explores hemolytic anemia as an adverse event induced by PPIs. In this case study, we report a 31-year-old female who had developed hemolytic anemia with symptoms of jaundice, hyperbilirubinemia, and high reticulocytes, after treatment with PPI. Interestingly, the patient completely recovered after PPI withdrawal. This present case study highlights the need for physicians to exercise caution when treating patients with PPI.

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PMID: 

J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019 Nov ;34(11):1898-1905. Epub 2019 Jul 24. PMID: 31206764

Abstract Title: 

Relationship between long-term use of proton pump inhibitors and risk of gastric cancer: A systematic analysis.

Abstract: 

BACKGROUND AND AIM: This study aims to systematically analyze the effect of long-term therapy with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) on the risk of gastric cancer.METHODS: PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and China biomedical literature database (CBM) were searched for studies before February 2019. We evaluated the quality of the included articles through the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and gathered relevant data to calculate the pooled odds ratio (OR) through Stata14.0.RESULTS: Seven relevant articles conformed to the inclusion criteria; 943 070 patients were included. The pooled OR was 2.50; 95% CI (1.74, 3.85); the subgroup analysis results showed that patients who had used PPIs for more than 36 months were most likely to develop gastric cancer, and an increased risk was observed among patients after Helicobacter pylori eradication. Noncardia gastric cancer was more likely to develop.CONCLUSIONS: Long-term use of PPIs can possibly increase the risk of gastric cancer even among patients after H. pylori eradication; in particular, for noncardia gastric cancer, the risk increases with longer durations of PPI use. Due to the limited number of studies, more high-quality studies are required to be designed.

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PMID: 

J Pharmacol Pharmacother. 2012 Oct ;3(4):300-3. PMID: 23326099

Abstract Title: 

Vitamin D for prevention of respiratory tract infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Abstract: 

OBJECTIVES: To explore the effect of vitamin D supplementation in prevention of respiratory tract infections on the basis of published clinical trials.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinical trials were searched from various electronic databases. Five clinical trials were suitable for inclusion. Outcome was events of respiratory tract infections in vitamin D group and placebo group. Data was reported as odds ratio with 95% confidence interval. Both random and fixed model was used for analysis. Analysis was done with the help of Comprehensive meta-analysis software 2.RESULTS: Events of respiratory tract infections were significantly lower in vitamin D group as compared to control group [Odds ratio = 0.582 (0.417 – 0.812) P = 0.001] according to random model. Results were similar in fixed model. On separate analysis of clinical trials dealing with groups of children and adults, beneficial effect of vitamin D was observed in both, according to fixed model [Odds ratio = 0.579 (0.416 – 0.805), P = 0.001 and Odd ratio = 0.653 (0.472 – 0.9040, P = 0.010 respectively]. On using random model beneficial effect persisted in children's group but became nonsignificant in adults group [Odds ratio = 0.579 (0.416 – 0.805), P = 0.001 and Odd ratio = 0.544 (0.278 – 1.063) P = 0.075 respectively].CONCLUSION: Vitamin D supplementation decreases the events related to respiratory tract infections. There is need of more well conducted clinical trials to reach to a certain conclusion.

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PMID: 

Am J Dis Child. 1992 Feb ;146(2):182-6. PMID: 1285727

Abstract Title: 

Vitamin A levels and severity of measles. New York City.

Abstract: 

Recent studies show that vitamin A levels decrease during measles and that vitamin A therapy can improve measles outcome in children in the developing world. Vitamin A levels of children with measles have not been studied in developed countries. We therefore measured vitamin A levels in 89 children with measles younger than 2 years and in a reference group in New York City, NY. Vitamin A levels in children with measles ranged from 0.42 to 3.0 mumol/L; 20 (22%) were low. Children with low levels were more likely to have fever at a temperature of 40 degrees C or higher (68% vs 44%), to have fever for 7 days or more (54% vs 23%), and to be hospitalized (55% vs 30%). Children with low vitamin A levels had lower measles-specific antibody levels. No child in the reference group had a low vitamin A level. Our data show that many children younger than 2 years in New York City have low vitamin A levels when ill with measles, and that such children seem to have lower measles-specific antibody levels and increased morbidity. Clinicians may wish to consider vitamin A therapy for children younger than 2 years with severe measles. Additional studies of vitamin A in measles and other infectious diseases, and in vaccine efficacy trials, should be done.

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PMID: 

Cancer Detect Prev. 2006 ;30(1):83-93. Epub 2006 Feb 21. PMID: 16490323

Abstract Title: 

Acute infections as a means of cancer prevention: opposing effects to chronic infections?

Abstract: 

PURPOSE: Epidemiological studies have found an inverse association between acute infections and cancer development. In this paper, we review the evidence examining this potentially antagonistic relationship.METHODS: In addition to a review of the historical literature, we examined the recent epidemiological evidence on the relationship between acute infections and subsequent cancer development in adult life. We also discuss the impact of chronic infections on tumor development and the influence of the immune system in this process.RESULTS: Exposures to febrile infectious childhood diseases were associated with subsequently reduced risks for melanoma, ovary, and multiple cancers combined, significant in the latter two groups. Epidemiological studies on common acute infections in adults and subsequent cancer development found these infections to be associated with reduced risks for meningioma, glioma, melanoma and multiple cancers combined, significantly for the latter three groups. Overall, risk reduction increased with the frequency of infections, with febrile infections affording the greatest protection. In contrast to acute infections, chronic infections can be viewed as resulting from a failed immune response and an increasing number have been associated with an elevated cancer risk.CONCLUSION: Infections may play a paradoxical role in cancer development with chronic infections often being tumorigenic and acute infections being antagonistic to cancer.

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PMID: 

Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016 Dec 1 ;22 Suppl 5:S96-S102. Epub 2016 Oct 27. PMID: 28341014

Abstract Title: 

Live pertussis vaccines: will they protect against carriage and spread of pertussis?

Abstract: 

Pertussis is a severe respiratory disease that can be fatal in young infants. Its main aetiological agent is the Gram-negative micro-organism Bordetella pertussis. Vaccines against the disease have been in use since the 1950s, and global vaccination coverage has now reached more than 85%. Nevertheless, the disease has not been controlled in any country, and has even made a spectacular come-back in the industrialized world, where the first-generation whole-cell vaccines have been replaced by the more recent, less reactogenic, acellular vaccines. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain these observations, including the fast waning of acellular vaccine-induced protection. However, recent mathematical modelling studies have indicated that asymptomatic transmission of B. pertussis may be the main reason for the current resurgence of pertussis. Recent studies in non-human primates have shown that neither whole-cell, nor acellular vaccines prevent infection and transmission of B. pertussis, in contrast to prior exposure. New vaccines that can be applied nasally tomimic natural infection without causing disease may therefore be useful for long-term control of pertussis. Several vaccine candidates have been proposed, the most advanced of which is the genetically attenuated B. pertussis strain BPZE1. This vaccine candidate has successfully completed a first-in-man phase I trial and was shown to be safe in young male volunteers, able to transiently colonize the nasopharynx and to induce antibody responses to B. pertussis antigens in all colonized individuals. Whether BPZE1 will indeed be useful to ultimately control pertussis obviously needs to be assessed by carefully conducted human efficacy trials.

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PMID: 

Ital J Pediatr. 2010 Sep 10 ;36:59. Epub 2010 Sep 10. PMID: 20831779

Abstract Title: 

Partial third nerve palsy after Measles Mumps Rubella vaccination.

Abstract: 

BACKGROUND: Measles Mumps Rubella (MMR) vaccination is known to cause some serious adverse events, such as fever, rash, gland inflammation and neurologic disorders. These include third and sixth cranial nerve palsies.RESULTS: The case reported describes a partial recurrent oculomotor palsy associated with systemic symptoms following MMR vaccination in a healthy young child. The oculomotor palsy did not recover completely during the follow-up.CONCLUSIONS: Most of the times, measles, mumps and rubella cause mild illness and discomfort; but can also have serious or fatal sequelae. MMR vaccination has been proved to be safe and to reduce significantly the number of reported infections due to these viruses. However, significant adverse events can occur and paediatricians and public health operators should be aware of this aspect.

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PMID: 

Lancet Infect Dis. 2008 Oct ;8(10):642-9. PMID: 18922486

Abstract Title: 

Rotavirus vaccines: viral shedding and risk of transmission.

Abstract: 

Rotavirus causes gastroenteritis in almost all children by 5 years of age. Immunity to rotavirus is incomplete, with potential for recurrent infections occurring throughout life. Live rotavirus vaccines have been developed for the protection of children from severe wildtype rotavirus infections. Transmission of vaccine virus strains from vaccinated children to unvaccinated contacts harbours the potential for herd immunity, but also the risk of vaccine-derived disease in immunocompromised contacts. A review of rotavirus vaccine prelicensure studies shows that viral shedding and transmission were higher with the old tetravalent rhesus rotavirus vaccine than with the current human attenuated monovalent rotavirus vaccine and the pentavalent bovine-human reassortant vaccine. Immunocompromised contacts should be advised to avoid contact with stool from the immunised child if possible, particularly after the first vaccine dose for at least 14 days. Since the risk of vaccine transmission and subsequent vaccine-derived disease with the current vaccines is much less than the risk of wildtype rotavirus disease in immunocompromised contacts, vaccination should be encouraged.

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PMID: 

Brain Behav Immun. 2018 10 ;73:216-221. Epub 2018 May 6. PMID: 29742460

Abstract Title: 

Low-grade inflammation decreases emotion recognition – Evidence from the vaccination model of inflammation.

Abstract: 

The ability to adequately interpret the mental state of another person is key to complex human social interaction. Recent evidence suggests that this ability, considered a hallmark of 'theory of mind' (ToM), becomes impaired by inflammation. However, extant supportive empirical evidence is based on experiments that induce not only inflammation but also induce discomfort and sickness, factors that could also account for temporary social impairment. Hence, an experimental inflammation manipulation was applied that avoided this confound, isolating effects of inflammation and social interaction. Forty healthy male participants (mean age = 25, SD = 5 years) participated in this double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial. Inflammation was induced using Salmonella Typhi vaccination (0.025 mg; Typhim Vi, Sanofi Pasteur, UK); saline-injection was used as a control. About 6 h 30 m after injection in each condition,participants completed the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET), a validated test for assessing how well the mental states of others can be inferred through observation of the eyes region of the face. Vaccination induced systemic inflammation, elevating IL-6 by +419% (p 

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PMID: 

Lancet Infect Dis. 2019 Feb ;19(2):185-192. Epub 2019 Jan 8. PMID: 30635255

Abstract Title: 

Mumps in a highly vaccinated Marshallese community in Arkansas, USA: an outbreak report.

Abstract: 

BACKGROUND: During 2000-15, Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, AR, USA, investigated between one and six cases of mumps each year. From Aug 5, 2016, to Aug 5, 2017, the department received notification of more than 4000 suspected mumps cases in the second largest outbreak in the USA in the past 30 years.METHODS: Arkansas Department of Health investigated all reported cases of mumps to ascertain exposure, travel, and vaccination histories and identify close contacts. Cases were classified as confirmed if the patient had laboratory confirmation of mumps virus or probable if they had clinical symptoms and either a positive serological test or a known epidemiological link to a confirmed case.FINDINGS: 2954 cases of mumps related to the outbreak were identified during the outbreak period: 1665 (56%) were laboratory confirmed, 1676 (57%) were in children aged 5-17 years, and 1692 (57%) were in Marshallese people. Among the 1676 school-aged cases, 1536 (92%) had previously received at least two doses of a vaccine containing the mumps virus. Although 19 cases of orchitis were reported, severe complications were not identified. Unusual occurrences, such as recurrent parotitis and prolonged viral shedding, were observed mostly in Marshallese individuals. Viral samples were characterised as genotype G.INTERPRETATION: This large-scale outbreak, primarily affecting a marginalised community with intense household crowding, highlights the need for coordinated, interdisciplinary, and non-traditional outbreak responses. This outbreak raises questions about mumps vaccine effectiveness and potential waning immunity.FUNDING: Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists and US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

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