PMID: 

Niger J Physiol Sci. 2019 Jun 30 ;34(1):83-90. Epub 2019 Jun 30. PMID: 31449276

Abstract Title: 

Ameliorative Effects of Hydromethanolic Extract of Citrullus lanatus (Watermelon) Rind on Semen Parameters, Reproductive Hormones and Testicular Oxidative Status Following Nicotine Administration in Male Wistar Rats.

Abstract: 

The present study examines the possible ameliorative effects of the hydromethanolic extract of Citrullus lanatus rind (HECL) on some reproductive function and oxidative indices of the testes in male Wistar rats following administration of nicotine. Twenty male rats were assigned into four groups: Group A to D of five rats each. Group A served as control and received 2ml/kg body weight of 10% extract vehicle; Group B received 1mg/kg body weight of nicotine; Group C were co-administered 1mg/kg body weight nicotine and 500 mg/kg body weight of HECL and Group D received only 500mg/kg body weight of HECL. The drugs and extracts were administered orally to the rats for 42days; blood samples were collected by direct cardiac puncture for determination of serum concentrations of testosterone, Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone. The testes were also harvested for determination of semen parameters: motility, morphology, viability and count and testicular tissue processed for superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde concentration. Compared to Group A control rats, administration of HECL significantly increased sperm count and reproductive hormone concentrations amongst Group B rats (p

read more

PMID: 

Radiat Res. 2003 May ;159(5):685-92. PMID: 12710881

Abstract Title: 

Temperature changes in chicken embryos exposed to a continuous-wave 1.25 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic field.

Abstract: 

A total of 550 fertile chicken eggs (White Leghorn) were exposed to a radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic field of 1.25 GHz (continuous wave) at six different power flux densities in the range of 9.0-0.75 mW/cm(2). The eggs were exposed either continuously throughout the whole 21 days of incubation (long-term exposure) or in a short-term exposure (1-2 h/day). The temperatures of the embryonic tissue and the amniotic fluid, respectively, were measured with inserted temperature probes. This study was designed to investigate the relationship between exposure and temperature changes in exposed tissues, without considering biological and medical effects. This knowledge is of general interest for studies of nonthermic teratological or embryo-lethal effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs). Throughout the entire 21 days of embryonic development, the mean temperature increases in the eggs during the exposure were found to be up to 0.25 degrees C for a power flux density of 1.25 mW/cm(2) and increased to 2.3 degrees C for 9.0 mW/cm(2). The corresponding maximum whole-body SARs for the embryos over the 21 days of embryonic development were 1.45 and 10.44 W/kg, respectively. At 0.75 mW/cm(2) (0.87 W/kg) the extent of the RF-field induced hyperthermia was within the measurement accuracy (+/-0.1 degrees C) of the temperature probes used in the tests. The field-induced temperature increase was greatest in the first week of incubation and was less pronounced in the last (third) week before hatching. In both the short- and the long-term exposures, the temperature of the exposed tissue and the amniotic fluid, respectively, reached its maximum (asymptotic) approximately 40-50 min after the RF field was switched on. After the field was switched off, the temperature inside the exposed eggs returned to its initial value within 40-50 min.

read more

PMID: 

Radiat Environ Biophys. 2005 May ;44(1):51-9. Epub 2005 Apr 6. PMID: 15812656

Abstract Title: 

Post-continuous whole body exposure of rabbits to 650 MHz electromagnetic fields: effects on liver, spleen, and brain.

Abstract: 

This study deals with the effects of post (12 or 18 months) whole body continuous (2 years) exposure of rabbits to 650 MHz electromagnetic fields (EMF) that are characteristic of those produced by broadcasting stations, on body weight and body mass, on the morphology of liver, spleen and brain, and on apoptosis rates and glycogen distribution in the liver. Two groups of rabbits were continuously exposed for 2 years to EMF of 650 MHz followed by 12 months (group 1) or 18 months (group 2) of post-exposure; a third group (group 3) was sham exposed. It was shown that the changes in apoptosis rates were conditional during the time of exposure, but not on a specific organ and that the whole body continuous exposure gave rise to modifications whose types and intensities were related to the time of post-exposure (12 or 18 months, respectively), the type of organ, and the individual animal. A number of effects were observed only in group 1, and not in group 2, which suggests some kind of adaptive response or of long-term recovery in the rabbits following continuous exposure to 650 MHz EMF.

read more

PMID: 

Radiat Res. 2001 Nov ;156(5 Pt 1):495-502. PMID: 11604062

Abstract Title: 

Effect of exposure to 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation on intrachromosomal recombination in pKZ1 mice.

Abstract: 

Radiofrequency (RF) radiation emitted from mobile phones is not considered to be directly genotoxic, but it may have downstream effects on cellular DNA. We studied the effect of 4 W/kg pulsed 900 MHz RF radiation on somatic intrachromosomal recombination in the spleen in the pKZ1 recombination mutagenesis model. Somatic intrachromosomal recombination inversion events were detected in spleen tissue of pKZ1 mice by histochemical staining for E. coli beta-galactosidase protein in cells in which the lacZ transgene has undergone an inversion event. pKZ1 mice were exposed daily for 30 min to plane-wave fields of 900 MHz with a pulse repetition frequency of 217 Hz and a pulse width of 0.6 ms for 1, 5 or 25 days. Three days after the last exposure, spleen sections were screened for DNA inversion events. There was no significant difference between the control and treated groups in the 1- and 5-day exposure groups, but there was a significant reduction in inversions below the spontaneous frequency in the 25-day exposure group. This observation suggests that exposure to RF radiation can lead to a perturbation in recombination frequency which may have implications for recombination repair of DNA. The biological significance of a reduction below the spontaneous frequency is not known. The number of mice in each treatment group in this study was small (n = 10 or n = 20). Therefore, repetition of this study with a larger number of animals is required to confirm these observations.

read more

PMID: 

Bull Exp Biol Med. 2004 May ;137(5):423-4. PMID: 15455106

Abstract Title: 

Effect of delta-rhythm-modulated extremely high frequency electromagnetic radiation on rats.

Abstract: 

Extremely high frequency electromagnetic radiation modulated with a frequency equal to cerebral delta-rhythm oscillations induced electrosleep in rats.

read more

PMID: 

Electromagn Biol Med. 2006 ;25(1):45-51. PMID: 16595333

Abstract Title: 

Immunotropic influence of 900 MHz microwave GSM signal on human blood immune cells activated in vitro.

Abstract: 

In an earlier study we reported that G(o) phase peripheral blood mononulclear cells (PBMC) exposed to low-level (SAR = 0.18 W/kg) pulse-modulated 1300 MHz microwaves and subsequently cultured, demonstrate changed immune activity (Dabrowski et al., 2003). We investigated whether cultured immune cells induced into the active phases of cell cycle (G(1), S) and then exposed to microwaves will also be sensitive to electromagnetic field. An anechoic chamber of our design containing a microplate with cultured cells and an antenna emitting microwaves (900 MHz simulated GSM signal, 27 V/m, SAR 0.024 W/kg) was placed inside the ASSAB incubator. The microcultures of PBMC exposed to microwaves demonstrated significantly higher response to mitogens and higher immunogenic activity of monocytes (LM index) than control cultures. LM index, described in detail elsewhere (Dabrowski et al., 2001), represents the monokine influence on lymphocyte mitogenic response. The results suggest that immune activity of responding lymphocytes and monocytes can be additionally intensified by 900 MHz microwaves.

read more

PMID: 

Radiat Res. 2001 Apr ;155(4):584-92. PMID: 11260660

Abstract Title: 

Effect of immobilization and concurrent exposure to a pulse-modulated microwave field on core body temperature, plasma ACTH and corticosteroid, and brain ornithine decarboxylase, Fos and Jun mRNA.

Abstract: 

Exposure of humans and rodents to radiofrequency (RF) cell phone fields has been reported to alter a number of stress- related parameters. To study this potential relationship in more detail, tube-restrained immobilized Fischer 344 rats were exposed in the near field in a dose-dependent manner to pulse-modulated (11 packets/s) digital cell phone microwave fields at 1.6 GHz in accordance with the Iridium protocol. Core body temperatures, plasma levels of the stress-induced hormones adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone, and brain levels of ornithine decarboxylase (Odc), Fos and Jun mRNAs were measured as potential markers of stress responses mediated by RF radiation. We tested the effects of the loose-tube immobilization with and without prior conditioning throughout a 2-h period (required for near-field head exposure to RF fields), on core body temperature, plasma ACTH and corticosteroids. Core body temperature increased transiently (+/-0.3 degrees C) during the initial 30 min of loose-tube restraint in conditioned animals. When conditioned/tube-trained animals were followed as a function of time after immobilization, both the ACTH and corticosterone levels were increased by nearly 10-fold. For example, within 2-3 min, ACTH increased to 83.2 +/- 31.0 pg/dl, compared to 28.1 +/- 7.7 pg/dl for cage controls, reaching a maximum at 15-30 min (254.6 +/- 46.8 pg/dl) before returning to near resting levels by 120 min (31.2 +/- 10.2 pg/dl). However, when non-tube-trained animals were submitted to loose-tube immobilization, these animals demonstrated significantly higher (3-10-fold greater) hormone levels at 120 min than their tube-trained counterparts (313.5 +/- 54.8 compared to 31.2 +/- 10.2 pg/dl; corticosterone, 12.2 +/- 6.2 microg/dl compared to 37.1 +/- 6.4 microg/dl). Hormone levels in exposed animals were also compared to those in swim-stressed animals. Swimming stress also resulted in marked elevation in both ACTH and corticosterone levels, which were 10-20 fold higher (541.8 compared to 27.2-59.1 pg/dl for ACTH) and 2-5 fold higher (45.7 compared to 8.4- 20.0 microg/dl for corticosteroids) than the cage control animals. Three time-averaged brain SAR levels of 0.16, 1.6 and 5 W/ kg were tested in a single 2-h RF-field exposure to the Iridium cell phone field. When RF-exposed and sham-exposed (immobilized) animals were compared, no differences were seen in core body temperature, corticosterone or ACTH that could be attributed to near-field RF radiation. Levels of Odc, Fos and Jun mRNA were also monitored in brains of animals exposed to the RF field for 2 h, and they showed no differences from sham-exposed (loose-tube immobilized) animals that were due to RF-field exposure. These data suggest that a significant stress response, indicated by a transient increase in core body temperature, ACTH and corticosterone, occurred in animals placed in even the mild loose-tube immobilization required for near-field RF exposure employed here and in our other studies. Failure to adequately characterize and control this immobilization response with appropriate cage control animals, as described previously, could significantly mask any potential effects mediated by the RF field on these and other stress-related parameters. We conclude that the pulse-modulated digital Iridium RF field at SARs up to 5 W/kg is incapable of altering these stress-related responses. This conclusion is further supported by our use of an RF-field exposure apparatus that minimized immobilization stress; the use of conditioned/tube-trained animals and the measurement of hormonal and molecular markers after 2 h RF-field exposure when the stress-mediated effects were complete further support our conclusion.

read more

PMID: 

Brain Res. 2010 Oct 14 ;1356:95-101. Epub 2010 Aug 4. PMID: 20691167

Abstract Title: 

Purkinje cell number decreases in the adult female rat cerebellum following exposure to 900 MHz electromagnetic field.

Abstract: 

The biological effects of electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure from mobile phones have growing concern among scientists since there are some reports showing increased risk for human health, especially in the use of mobile phones for a long duration. In the presented study, the effects on the number of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum of 16-week (16 weeks) old female rats were investigated following exposure to 900 MHz EMF. Three groups of rats, a control group (CG), sham exposed group (SG) and an electromagnetic field exposed group (EMFG) were used in this study. While EMFG group rats were exposed to 900 MHz EMF (1h/day for 28 days) in an exposure tube, SG was placed in the exposure tube but not exposed to EMF (1h/day for 28 days). The specific energy absorption rate (SAR) varied between 0.016 (whole body) and 2 W/kg (locally in the head). The CG was not placed into the exposure tube nor was it exposed to EMF during the study period. At the end of the experiment, all of the female rats were sacrificed and the number of Purkinje cells was estimated using a stereological counting technique. Histopathological evaluations were also done on sections of the cerebellum. Results showed that the total number of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum of the EMFG was significantly lower than those of CG (p

read more

PMID: 

BMC Cancer. 2004 Nov 11 ;4:77. Epub 2004 Nov 11. PMID: 15538947

Abstract Title: 

No effects of GSM-modulated 900 MHz electromagnetic fields on survival rate and spontaneous development of lymphoma in female AKR/J mice.

Abstract: 

BACKGROUND: Several reports indicated that non-thermal electromagnetic radiation such as from mobile phones and base stations may promote cancer. Therefore, it was investigated experimentally, whether 900 MHz electromagnetic field exposure influences lymphoma development in a mouse strain that is genetically predisposed to this disease. The AKR/J mice genome carries the AK-virus, which leads within one year to spontaneous development of thymic lymphoblastic lymphoma.METHODS: 320 unrestrained female mice were sham-exposed or exposed (each n = 160 animals) to GSM like 900 MHz electromagnetic fields for 24 hours per day, 7 days per week, at an average whole body specific absorption rate (SAR) value of 0.4 W/kg. Animals were visually checked daily and were weighed and palpated weekly. Starting with an age of 6 months, blood samples were taken monthly from the tail. Animals with signs of disease or with an age of about 46 weeks were sacrificed and a gross necropsy was performed.RESULTS: Electromagnetic field exposure had a significant effect on body weight gain, with higher values in exposed than in sham-exposed animals. However, survival rate and lymphoma incidence did not differ between exposed and sham-exposed mice.CONCLUSION: These data do not support the hypothesis that exposure to 900 MHz electromagnetic fields is a significant risk factor for developing lymphoma in a genetically predisposed species, even at a relatively high exposure level.

read more

PMID: 

Gen Physiol Biophys. 2013 Mar ;32(1):79-90. PMID: 23531837

Abstract Title: 

Melatonin protects rat thymus against oxidative stress caused by exposure to microwaves and modulates proliferation/apoptosis of thymocytes.

Abstract: 

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of melatonin on oxidative stress, DNA fragmentation, apoptsis and proliferation in thymus tissue of rats exposed to microwaves. Wistar rats were divided in four groups: I – treated with saline; II – treated with melatonin; III – microwaves exposed; IV – microwaves exposed and melatonin treated. Melatonin (2 mg/kg i.p.) was administered daily. Animals were sacrificed after 20, 40 and 60 days. A significant increase in malondialdehyde and carbonyl group content, as well as decrease in catalase and increase in xanthine oxidase activity were registered under microwave exposure. Melatonin prevented the increase in malondialdehyde and carbonyl group content, and reversed the effect on catalase and xanthine oxidase activity. Both, alkaline and acid DNase activity were increased due to microwave exposure. Furthermore, microwaves caused increase in apoptosis rate (detected using Annexin V-FITC/PI kit) and reduced proliferative capacity of thymocytes (induced by ConA). However, melatonin caused decrease in alkaline and acid DNase activity, decrease in apoptotic rate and increase in proliferation rate of thymocytes. Melatonin exerts protective effects on rat thymocytes by modulating processes of apoptosis and proliferation, and causes decrease in DNA fragmentation and oxidative stress intensity under exposure to microwaves.

read more