PMID: 

Nutr Metab (Lond). 2018 ;15:83. Epub 2018 Nov 26. PMID: 30505336

Abstract Title: 

L. (chia) seeds oil extracts reduce lipid accumulation and produce stress resistance in.

Abstract: 

Background: seeds have been commonly used by people that seek healthy habits through natural foods to reduce cholesterol and triacylglycerides levels, however, the evidences that support this assumption are still scarce in literature. Here, we aimed to evaluate the lipid lowering effects of chia by usingas animal model, a nematode that has proven its usefulness for lipid metabolism studies.Methods: We prepared hexane (HE) and Bligh-Dyer (BDE) extracts, evaluated and compared their safety, antioxidant potential and their lipid-lowering activity in the worms.Results: The characterization of both extracts demonstrated that there were no differences in their lipid composition; however, BDE depicted better antioxidant potential. Both extracts reduced worm's survival from 2%, and reproduction was reduced following treatment with both extracts, though a more notable effect was observed in HE-treated worms. In addition, the non-toxic concentration of both extracts (1%) increased stress resistance against paraquat toxicity in an antidote paradigm. Notably, this same concentration of both extracts reduced lipid accumulation in obese worms, which was not caused by food deprivation.Conclusions: Taken together, our data demonstrate that both extraction methods from chia seeds result in oils that are rich in mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids, which may modulate lipid accumulation and provide antioxidant resistance in

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PMID: 

Food Res Int. 2019 02 ;116:592-599. Epub 2018 Aug 29. PMID: 30716985

Abstract Title: 

Effects of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) on calcium bioavailability and inflammation in Wistar rats.

Abstract: 

Chia is a good source of calcium, however it is not been previously reported its bioavailability associated with an inflammatory condition. Thus, the present study evaluated the effect of chia on calcium bioavailability, inflammation, and oxidative stress in Wistar rats fed a high-fat diet or standard diet for 35 days. Chia consumption resulted in lower calcium balance and calcium absorption and retention rates. In addition, the urinary calcium concentration was lower in groups that were fed chia. The bone resistance of animals feed chia was lower than that in rats fed the standard diet receiving calciumcarbonate. Animals that were fed chia showed lower total, very low-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels than animalsfed calcium carbonate. Animals fed standard diet showed higher superoxide dismutase plasma concentrations than animals in the high fat calcium carbonategroup. PPAR-α protein levels were higher in animals fed chia whereas TNF-α and IL-10 were lower in these animals. NFκB mRNA expression and protein levels were lower in the groups that received chia compared with HFD + CC. Chia intake presented low calcium bioavailability regardless of the type of diet consumed and was able to improved inflammation and the lipid profile in young Wistar rat. Besides this, the consumption of this seed increased the activity of antioxidants enzymes.

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PMID: 

Food Funct. 2019 Jul 17 ;10(7):4036-4045. PMID: 31219482

Abstract Title: 

Effects of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) on oxidative stress and inflammation in ovariectomized adult female Wistar rats.

Abstract: 

The present study investigated the influence of chia consumption on inflammation, oxidative stress, and lipid profiles in adult female ovariectomized rats fed a high-fat diet. Forty ovariectomized and 40 intact (SHAM) rats were allocated into 8 groups (n = 10), and each rat received one of the following four diets: standard diet (ST); standard diet + chia (STC); high-fat diet (HF); and high-fat diet + chia (HFC) for 126 days. Biochemical parameters and biomarkers of lipid peroxidation, inflammation, and oxidative stress were evaluated. The mRNA expression levels of PPAR-α, NFκB, TNF-α and Zn-SOD1 were analyzed, as well as those of TNF-α and IL-1β. Chia intake increased HDL cholesterol (HDL-c) and reduced LDL cholesterol (LDL-c) levels. Plasma catalase activity was elevated in the STC group. Concentrations of TBARS were higher in all groups fed HF. PPAR-α mRNAexpression was elevated, and levels of NFκB mRNA expression were reduced in the STC group. mRNA expression and protein levels of TNF-α were lower in rats fed the standard diet. Protein levels of IL-1β were reduced in rats fed the standard diet, and the high fat diet with chia. In general, ovariectomy did not influence the inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters. Chia intake improved antioxidant activity by increasing SOD expression, PPAR-α expression, catalase activity, and HDL-c levels. In addition, chia consumption decreased the concentrations of the inflammatory markers IL-1β andLDL-c.

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Common chemical mouthwashes, including those containing chlorhexidine, may disrupt the microbiome in your mouth and carry risks of side effects. Holy basil, also known as tulsi, is an Ayurvedic herb that may be just as effective for protecting oral health without the risks of conventional mouth rinses

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PMID: 

Pak J Pharm Sci. 2019 May ;32(3):1005-1009. PMID: 31278713

Abstract Title: 

Salvia hispanica (White chia): A new window for its antidepressant and memory boosting activity.

Abstract: 

To determine the effects of Salvia hispanica on activities related to memory, anxiety and depression. Albino rats as well as albino mice were utilized in the current study. Two groups of animals were made including 10 animals in each group. One was a control group and another was treated group. Neuropharmacological parameters were assessed using Light and Dark box test, Stationary rod activity, Water maze test, Open field activity and Home cage activity. The control group was maintained on water and treated group was fed with approximately 106 mg/kg extract of Salvia hispanica for 30 days. The observations were recorded on 1st day, 15th day and 30th day. The results of current study showed an increased time spent in the light box of Light and Dark box model, reduction in elapsed time utilized by animal to reach platform in Stationary rod and water maze model, reduced number of peripheral square and central square crosses in the open field and decreased number of cage crosses in the home cage activity. Salvia hispanica shows memory enhancement and also shows an antidepressant activity on chronic administration.

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PMID: 

Mol Nutr Food Res. 2019 Oct ;63(19):e1900021. Epub 2019 Aug 7. PMID: 31343098

Abstract Title: 

Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) Seed Total Protein and Protein Fractions Digests Reduce Biomarkers of Inflammation and Atherosclerosis in Macrophages In Vitro.

Abstract: 

SCOPE: The objectives are to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic effects of digested total protein and digested protein fractions from chia seed in macrophages in vitro.METHODS AND RESULTS: Total protein and protein fractions (albumin, globulin, glutelin, and prolamin) are isolated from chia seed and digested using simulated gastrointestinal conditions, resulting in digested total protein (DTP) and digested protein fractions (DPF). DTP and DPF are applied (1.0 mg mL) in RAW 264.4 macrophages stimulated with LPS (1 µg mL) for inflammation or ox-LDL (80 µg mL) for atherosclerosis. In the inflammatory process, DTP and DPF reduce p-NF-κB, iNOS, p-JNK, and AP-1. Digested glutelin reduces the secretion of nitric oxide (65.1%), reactive oxygen species (19.7%), prostaglandins (34.6%), TNF-α (24.1%), MCP-1 (18.9%), IL-6 (39.6%), and IL-10 (68.7%). DTP and DPF reduce the NF-κB translocation to nuclei. DTP and digested glutelin reduce iCAM expression (86.4%, 80.8%), LOX-1 (37.3%, 35.7%), iNOS (67.0%, 42.2%), and NF-κB (57.5%, 71.1%). DTP is effective in reducing secretion of nitric oxide (43.4%), lipid accumulation (41.9%), prostaglandins (41.9%), TNF-α (43.3%), MCP-1 (47.6%), and IL-6 (50.5%). Peptides from chia DTP and DPFare also characterized.CONCLUSION: DTP and digested glutelin from chia seed reduce expression and secretion of markers related to inflammation and atherosclerosis pathways.

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PMID: 

Phytochemistry. 2019 Oct ;166:112065. Epub 2019 Jul 27. PMID: 31362147

Abstract Title: 

Neo-clerodane diterpenoids from aerial parts of Salvia hispanica L. and their cardioprotective effects.

Abstract: 

Ten undescribed neo-clerodane diterpenoids, named hispanins A-J, together with six known ones, were isolated from the aerial parts of Salvia hispanica L. Their structures were established by extensive spectroscopic analysis. The absolute configurations of the undescribed compounds were determined by the ECD data and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Hispanins B and C represented the first neo-clerodane diterpenoids with a unique oxygen bridge between C-19 and C-20. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their protective effects against HO-induced cardiomyocyte injury. Five of these compounds showed significant cardioprotective effects.

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PMID: 

J Food Biochem. 2019 Sep ;43(9):e12986. Epub 2019 Jul 21. PMID: 31489674

Abstract Title: 

Dietary chia seeds (Salvia hispanica) improve acute dyslipidemia and steatohepatitis in rats.

Abstract: 

Chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.) are rich in omega fatty acids. Dyslipidemia and steatohepatitis are diseases that require effective treatments in obese and non-obese patients. The aim was to evaluate the effect of chia intake on acute tyloxapol (TI)-induced dyslipidemia, on acute carbon tetrachloride (TC)-induced steatohepatitis, and on mixed damage (TC+TI) in non-obese rats. Four experimental groups were fed for 4 weeks a diet with established rodent food (DE), and four groups were fed a diet with 15% added chia (DC). Plasma samples were analyzed for total cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, biochemical liver damage markers, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Liver samples were used to quantify glycogen, catalase, lipid peroxidation, and TNF-α. A histopathological analysis was performed. DC intake partially or totally prevented steatohepatitis, and reduced lipids in the dyslipidemic groups. The hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects of chia may be correlated to its high content of α-linolenic acid (omega-3) and phenolics. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Metabolic syndrome is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which are currently the most common causes of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide. Dyslipidemia is a significant risk factor for NAFLD and NASH. Non-obese patients may have NAFLD or NASH. Metabolic syndrome and dyslipidemia are more strongly associated with NAFLD in non-obese than in obese patients. This is the first study evaluating the hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects of chia seed intake on acute dyslipidemia and/or steatohepatitis caused by the individual or combined administration of the inducers tyloxapol and carbon tetrachloride, respectively, in non-obese rats. The pharmacological effects of dietary chia are correlated to its high content of omega-3 andomega-6 (1:1), protein, dietary fiber, and phenolics. The results suggest that inclusion of chia in diets of non-obese patients with dyslipidemia and/or NAFLD/NASH may improve their health state and preventing cirrhosis or HCC.

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PMID: 

PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019 Sep ;13(9):e0007411. Epub 2019 Sep 27. PMID: 31560681

Abstract Title: 

Deprivation of dietary fiber enhances susceptibility of mice to cryptosporidiosis.

Abstract: 

Based on our initial observations showing that mice consuming a probiotic product develop more severe cryptosporidiosis, we investigated the impact of other dietary interventions on the intracellular proliferation of Cryptosporidium parvum and C. tyzzeri in the mouse. Mice were orally infected with oocysts and parasite multiplication measured by quantifying fecal oocyst output. High-throughput sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA amplicons was used to correlate oocyst output with diet and with the composition of the intestinal microbiota. On average, mice fed a diet without fiber (cellulose, pectin and inulin) developed more severe infections. As expected, a diet without fibers also significantly altered the fecal microbiota. Consistent with these observations, mice fed a prebiotic product sold for human consumption excreted significantly fewer oocysts. The fecal microbiota of mice consuming no plant polysaccharides was characterized by a lower relative abundance of Bacteroidetes bacteria. Since bacterial metabolites play an important role in the physiology of intestinal enterocytes, we hypothesize based on these observations that the impact of diet on parasite proliferation is mediated primarily by the metabolic activity of the anaerobic microbiota, specifically by the effect of certain metabolites on the host. This model is consistent with the metabolic dependence of intracellular stages of the parasite on the host cell. These observations underscore the potential of dietary interventions to alleviate the impact of cryptosporidiosis, particularly in infants at risk of recurrent enteric infections.

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PMID: 

Nat Commun. 2019 Sep 25 ;10(1):4366. Epub 2019 Sep 25. PMID: 31554820

Abstract Title: 

A fiber-deprived diet disturbs the fine-scale spatial architecture of the murine colon microbiome.

Abstract: 

Compartmentalization of the gut microbiota is thought to be important to system function, but the extent of spatial organization in the gut ecosystem remains poorly understood. Here, we profile the murine colonic microbiota along longitudinal and lateral axes using laser capture microdissection. We found fine-scale spatial structuring of the microbiota marked by gradients in composition and diversity along the length of the colon. Privation of fiber reduces the diversity of the microbiota and disrupts longitudinal and lateral gradients in microbiota composition. Both mucus-adjacent and luminal communities are influenced by the absence of dietary fiber, with the loss of a characteristic distal colon microbiota and a reduction in the mucosa-adjacent community, concomitant with depletion of the mucus layer. These results indicate that diet has not only global but also local effects on the composition of the gut microbiota, which may affect function and resilience differently depending on location.

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